Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction & Course Overview

1.1 Course Objectives and Outcomes

1.2 Target Audience and Prerequisites

1.3 Hardware, Software, and SAP Environment Setup

1.4 Overview of SAP BTP, SAP IoT, and Business Use Cases

Chapter 2: Part I – Raspberry Pi 5 (Days 1 to 15)

Each day’s lesson is planned for a 2‑hour session divided into lecture, lab, and discussion segments. The following sections include detailed sample code with line‑by‑line explanations, wiring diagrams (to be inserted), and expected outputs.

2.1 Days 1–3: Introduction, Setup, Linux &   Fundamentals

Day 1: Introduction & Raspberry Pi Setup

Day 2: OS Installation, Network Configuration &   Environment

Sample Code:

# Hello World script for Raspberry Pi

print("Hello, IoT World!")

Explanation:

Day 3: IoT Protocols & GPIO Basics

Sample Code:

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import time

# Use Broadcom pin numbering

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

# Define LED pin

LED_PIN = 18

GPIO.setup(LED_PIN, GPIO.OUT)

try:

    while True:

        GPIO.output(LED_PIN, True)   # Turn on LED

        time.sleep(1)

        GPIO.output(LED_PIN, False)  # Turn off LED

        time.sleep(1)

except KeyboardInterrupt:

    GPIO.cleanup()

Detailed Explanation:

2.2 Days 4–7: Sensor Interfacing on Raspberry Pi

Day 4: Temperature & Humidity Sensor (DHT22)

import Adafruit_DHT

import time

# Set sensor type and GPIO pin number

sensor = Adafruit_DHT.DHT22 

pin = 4  # Connect DHT22 data pin to GPIO4

while True:

    humidity, temperature = Adafruit_DHT.read_retry(sensor, pin)

    # Check if the sensor returned valid data

    if humidity is not None and temperature is not None:

        # Format and print the readings with one decimal place

        print(f"Temp = {temperature:0.1f}°C, Humidity = {humidity:0.1f}%")

    else:

        print("Failed to get reading. Try again!")

    time.sleep(2)  # Wait 2 seconds before next reading

Line‑by‑Line Explanation:

Day 5: Infrared Sensor Interfacing

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import time

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

IR_PIN = 17  # Connect the IR sensor digital output to GPIO17

GPIO.setup(IR_PIN, GPIO.IN)

try:

    while True:

        # Read the digital value from the sensor: HIGH means object detected

        if GPIO.input(IR_PIN):

            print("IR Sensor: Object detected!")

        else:

            print("IR Sensor: No object detected.")

        time.sleep(1)

except KeyboardInterrupt:

    GPIO.cleanup()

Explanation:

Day 6: Ultrasonic Sensor (HC‑SR04) Interfacing

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import time

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

TRIG = 23  # GPIO pin connected to TRIG

ECHO = 24  # GPIO pin connected to ECHO

GPIO.setup(TRIG, GPIO.OUT)

GPIO.setup(ECHO, GPIO.IN)

def measure_distance():

    # Ensure the TRIG pin is low

    GPIO.output(TRIG, False)

    time.sleep(0.5)

    # Send a 10-microsecond pulse to TRIG

    GPIO.output(TRIG, True)

    time.sleep(0.00001)

    GPIO.output(TRIG, False)

    # Measure the time the ECHO pin is high

    while GPIO.input(ECHO) == 0:

        pulse_start = time.time()

    while GPIO.input(ECHO) == 1:

        pulse_end = time.time()

    pulse_duration = pulse_end - pulse_start

    # Calculate distance (speed of sound = 34300 cm/s, divided by 2)

    distance = pulse_duration * 17150

    return distance

try:

    while True:

        dist = measure_distance()

        print(f"Distance: {dist:.2f} cm")

        time.sleep(1)

except KeyboardInterrupt:

    GPIO.cleanup()

Explanation:

Day 7: Motion Sensor (PIR) Interfacing

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import time

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

PIR_PIN = 27  # Connect PIR sensor output to GPIO27

GPIO.setup(PIR_PIN, GPIO.IN)

try:

    while True:

        if GPIO.input(PIR_PIN):

            print("Motion detected!")

        else:

            print("No motion.")

        time.sleep(1)

except KeyboardInterrupt:

    GPIO.cleanup()

Explanation:

2.3 Days 8–10: Advanced Programming & Actuator Control on Raspberry Pi

Day 8: Running Multiple Sensors Concurrently

Sample Code (using threading):

import threading

import Adafruit_DHT

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import time

# Sensor configuration for DHT22

DHT_SENSOR = Adafruit_DHT.DHT22

DHT_PIN = 4

# Ultrasonic sensor pins

TRIG = 23

ECHO = 24

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

GPIO.setup(TRIG, GPIO.OUT)

GPIO.setup(ECHO, GPIO.IN)

def read_dht():

    while True:

        humidity, temperature = Adafruit_DHT.read_retry(DHT_SENSOR, DHT_PIN)

        if humidity and temperature:

            print(f"[DHT22] Temp: {temperature:0.1f}°C, Humidity: {humidity:0.1f}%")

        else:

            print("[DHT22] Sensor error")

        time.sleep(2)

def read_ultrasonic():

    def measure_distance():

        GPIO.output(TRIG, False)

        time.sleep(0.5)

        GPIO.output(TRIG, True)

        time.sleep(0.00001)

        GPIO.output(TRIG, False)

        while GPIO.input(ECHO) == 0:

            pulse_start = time.time()

        while GPIO.input(ECHO) == 1:

            pulse_end = time.time()

        return (pulse_end - pulse_start) * 17150

    while True:

        distance = measure_distance()

        print(f"[Ultrasonic] Distance: {distance:.2f} cm")

        time.sleep(1)

# Create threads for each sensor

thread_dht = threading.Thread(target=read_dht)

thread_ultra = threading.Thread(target=read_ultrasonic)

thread_dht.start()

thread_ultra.start()

Explanation:

Day 9: Stepper Motor Control with Raspberry Pi

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import time

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

# Define GPIO pins connected to the driver inputs

pins = [5, 6, 13, 19]

for pin in pins:

    GPIO.setup(pin, GPIO.OUT)

    GPIO.output(pin, 0)

# Define an 8-step sequence for the motor

step_seq = [

    [1, 0, 0, 1],

    [1, 0, 0, 0],

    [1, 1, 0, 0],

    [0, 1, 0, 0],

    [0, 1, 1, 0],

    [0, 0, 1, 0],

    [0, 0, 1, 1],

    [0, 0, 0, 1]

]

try:

    while True:

        for step in step_seq:

            for pin, val in zip(pins, step):

                GPIO.output(pin, val)

            time.sleep(0.005)

except KeyboardInterrupt:

    GPIO.cleanup()

Explanation:

Day 10: Servo Motor Control with Raspberry Pi

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import time

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

servo_pin = 18  # Connect the servo signal to GPIO18

GPIO.setup(servo_pin, GPIO.OUT)

# Initialize PWM on the servo pin at 50 Hz

pwm = GPIO.PWM(servo_pin, 50)

pwm.start(7.5)  # Neutral position (~90°)

try:

    while True:

        pwm.ChangeDutyCycle(5)    # Approximately 0° position

        time.sleep(1)

        pwm.ChangeDutyCycle(7.5)  # Back to 90°

        time.sleep(1)

        pwm.ChangeDutyCycle(10)   # Approximately 180° position

        time.sleep(1)

except KeyboardInterrupt:

    pwm.stop()

    GPIO.cleanup()

Explanation:

2.4 Days 11–15: Data Logging, Node.js Integration & SAP Connectivity

Day 11: Data Logging & Local Storage on Raspberry Pi

import csv

import time

import Adafruit_DHT

sensor = Adafruit_DHT.DHT22

pin = 4

# Open CSV file in append mode

with open('sensor_data.csv', 'a', newline='') as csvfile:

    fieldnames = ['timestamp', 'temperature', 'humidity']

    writer = csv.DictWriter(csvfile, fieldnames=fieldnames)

    writer.writeheader()

    while True:

        humidity, temperature = Adafruit_DHT.read_retry(sensor, pin)

        if humidity and temperature:

            timestamp = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")

            writer.writerow({'timestamp': timestamp,

                             'temperature': f"{temperature:0.1f}",

                             'humidity': f"{humidity:0.1f}"})

            print(f"Logged data at {timestamp}")

        else:

            print("Sensor error")

        time.sleep(2)

Explanation:

Day 12: Introduction to Node.js on Raspberry Pi for IoT

javascript

const express = require('express');

const app = express();

app.use(express.json());

// Create POST endpoint to receive sensor data

app.post('/sensor-data', (req, res) => {

  console.log('Received sensor data:', req.body);

  // Data processing and forwarding logic can be added here

  res.status(200).send('Data received');

});

app.listen(3000, () => console.log('Server running on port 3000'));

Explanation:

Day 13: SAP BTP & IoT Integration Overview

Day 14: Integrating Raspberry Pi Data with SAP via Node.js

import requests

# Replace with your SAP API endpoint

url = "http://<sap_endpoint>/api/sensor-data"

data = {"temperature": 25, "humidity": 60}

response = requests.post(url, json=data)

print("Data sent, response:", response.status_code)

Explanation:

Day 15: Raspberry Pi Capstone – Unified Sensor Dashboard

Chapter 3: Part II – Arduino with Wi‑Fi (Days 16 to 30)

Each Arduino session includes detailed code explanations, wiring diagrams, and lab exercises to build an end‑to‑end solution that forwards sensor data to SAP (directly or via Node.js middleware).

3.1 Days 16–18: Arduino Fundamentals & Basic Sensor Interfacing

Day 16: Arduino Fundamentals & Environment Setup

Sample Code (Blink):

cpp

void setup() {

  pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

}

void loop() {

  digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // Turn LED on

  delay(1000);

  digitalWrite(13, LOW);  // Turn LED off

  delay(1000);

}

Explanation:

Day 17: Sensor Interfacing – Temperature & Humidity (DHT22)

cpp

#include "DHT.h"

#define DHTPIN 2       // Connect DHT22 data pin to digital pin 2

#define DHTTYPE DHT22

DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);

void setup() {

  Serial.begin(9600);

  dht.begin();

}

void loop() {

  float humidity = dht.readHumidity();

  float temperature = dht.readTemperature();

  if (isnan(humidity) || isnan(temperature)) {

    Serial.println("Failed to read from DHT sensor!");

  } else {

    Serial.print("Humidity: ");

    Serial.print(humidity);

    Serial.print(" %\tTemperature: ");

    Serial.print(temperature);

    Serial.println(" *C");

  }

  delay(2000);

}

Explanation:

Day 18: Sensor Interfacing – Infrared and Ultrasonic Sensors

cpp

const int irPin = 3;

void setup() {

  pinMode(irPin, INPUT);

  Serial.begin(9600);

}

void loop() {

  int sensorValue = digitalRead(irPin);

  if (sensorValue == HIGH) {

    Serial.println("IR Sensor: Object detected!");

  } else {

    Serial.println("IR Sensor: No object detected.");

  }

  delay(1000);

}

Explanation:

cpp

const int trigPin = 9;

const int echoPin = 10;

void setup() {

  pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

  pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

  Serial.begin(9600);

}

void loop() {

  long duration;

  int distance;

  digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

  delayMicroseconds(2);

  digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

  delayMicroseconds(10);

  digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

  duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

  distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;

  Serial.print("Distance: ");

  Serial.print(distance);

  Serial.println(" cm");

  delay(1000);

}

Explanation:

3.2 Days 19–22: Advanced Sensor Modules & Actuator Control on Arduino

Day 19: Sensor Interfacing – Motion Sensor (PIR)

cpp

const int pirPin = 4;

void setup() {

  pinMode(pirPin, INPUT);

  Serial.begin(9600);

}

void loop() {

  int motion = digitalRead(pirPin);

  if (motion == HIGH) {

    Serial.println("Motion detected!");

  } else {

    Serial.println("No motion.");

  }

  delay(1000);

}

Explanation:

Day 20: Advanced Sensor – LoRaWAN Module

cpp

#include <SPI.h>

#include <LoRa.h>

void setup() {

  Serial.begin(9600);

  while (!Serial);

  Serial.println("LoRa Sender");

  if (!LoRa.begin(868E6)) {  // Set frequency to 868 MHz

    Serial.println("Starting LoRa failed!");

    while (1);

  }

}

void loop() {

  Serial.println("Sending packet...");

  LoRa.beginPacket();

  LoRa.print("Temperature:25, Humidity:60");

  LoRa.endPacket();

  delay(10000);

}

Explanation:

Day 21: Sensor Interfacing – Flow Meter and Turbidity Meter

cpp

volatile int pulseCount = 0;

const int flowPin = 5;

void pulseCounter() {

  pulseCount++;

}

void setup() {

  Serial.begin(9600);

  pinMode(flowPin, INPUT_PULLUP);

  attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(flowPin), pulseCounter, FALLING);

}

void loop() {

  pulseCount = 0;

  interrupts();

  delay(5000);  // Count pulses for 5 seconds

  noInterrupts();

  float flowRate = pulseCount / 5.0;

  Serial.print("Flow rate: ");

  Serial.print(flowRate);

  Serial.println(" pulses/sec");

}

Explanation:

cpp

const int turbidityPin = A0;

void setup() {

  Serial.begin(9600);

}

void loop() {

  int sensorValue = analogRead(turbidityPin);

  Serial.print("Turbidity value: ");

  Serial.println(sensorValue);

  delay(1000);

}

Explanation:

Day 22: Actuator Control – Stepper Motor on Arduino

cpp

#include <Stepper.h>

const int stepsPerRevolution = 200;

Stepper myStepper(stepsPerRevolution, 8, 9, 10, 11);

void setup() {

  Serial.begin(9600);

  myStepper.setSpeed(60);  // 60 RPM

}

void loop() {

  Serial.println("Clockwise rotation");

  myStepper.step(stepsPerRevolution);

  delay(500);

  Serial.println("Counterclockwise rotation");

  myStepper.step(-stepsPerRevolution);

  delay(500);

}

Explanation:

Day 23: Actuator Control – Servo Motor on Arduino

cpp

#include <Servo.h>

Servo myservo;

void setup() {

  myservo.attach(6);  // Attach servo signal to pin 6

  Serial.begin(9600);

}

void loop() {

  // Sweep from 0° to 180°

  for (int pos = 0; pos <= 180; pos++) {

    myservo.write(pos);

    delay(15);

  }

  // Sweep back from 180° to 0°

  for (int pos = 180; pos >= 0; pos--) {

    myservo.write(pos);

    delay(15);

  }

}

Explanation:

3.3 Days 24–27: Cloud Connectivity & SAP Integration with Arduino

Day 24: Data Aggregation & Cloud Connectivity on Arduino

Day 25: SAP BTP & IoT – Deep Dive (Arduino Focus)

Day 26: Integrating Arduino Data with SAP – Direct Transmission

Pseudo‑Code Sample:

cpp

// Pseudo-code using WiFiClient and HTTPClient libraries

#include <WiFiNINA.h>

#include <ArduinoHttpClient.h>

// Setup WiFi and server details...

// In loop, create JSON string and send HTTP POST request to SAP endpoint.

Day 27: Integrating Arduino Data with SAP – Via Node.js Middleware

javascript

const express = require('express');

const app = express();

app.use(express.json());

app.post('/arduino-data', (req, res) => {

  console.log('Received Arduino data:', req.body);

  // Forward data to SAP or process as needed.

  res.status(200).send('Data received');

});

app.listen(3000, () => console.log('Middleware server running on port 3000'));

Explanation:

3.4 Days 28–30: End‑to‑End Integration, Capstone Project & Final Presentation

Day 28: End‑to‑End IoT Integration – Project Planning

Day 29: Capstone Development Session

Day 30: Final Project Demonstration & Course Wrap‑Up

Chapter 4: SAP BTP, SAP IoT, and Business Use Cases in Depth

4.1 SAP BTP Overview and Its Core Components

4.2 SAP IoT Services and Device Management

4.3 SAP API Management and Messaging Services

4.4 Business Use Cases in Depth

Chapter 5: Final Integration, Testing & Capstone Projects

5.1 Unified System Architecture and Data Flow

5.2 Testing, Troubleshooting, and Performance Optimization

5.3 Final Presentation Guidelines and Certification

Chapter 6: Appendices

6.1 Detailed Datasheets and Wiring Diagrams

6.2 Full Code Listings with Explanatory Comments

6.3 Lab Worksheets and Troubleshooting Guides

6.4 Additional Reading and Resources

Final Remarks

This final extended tutorial is structured to be a complete training manual for a 30‑day, 2‑hour‑per‑day course. It covers: